Python

Flavors of Python

CPython: official engine for python language written in C
PyPy: written in subset of Python called RPython (Restricted Python)
- supports Just In Time (JIT) Compilation to translate code into machine language dynamically
- This makes it significantly faster than CPython
MicroPython: written in C
- highly optimized and lightweight version
- runs on micro-controllers and embedded systems
CircuitPython: based on MicroPython
- education-friendly version
- backed by Adafruit
GraalPy: written in Java using Truffle Framework
- built on GraalVM ecosystem to embed python scripts
Legacy/Niche
- Jython: (obsolete) written in Java
  - compiles Python code into Java bytecode
  - allows you to import and use Java native classes in python scripts
- IronPython: (obsolete) written in C#
  - runs on .NET/CLR runtime
- Brython: (niche) written in JS
  - compiles Python code into JavaScript

Java
- Py4J: used in Apache Spark
  - allows python code to access Java objects
- GraalPy: flavor of Python
- jnius: allows python code to access Java classes
  - used in Android Development
.NET/C#
- PythonNET: seamless integration b/w Python and CLR
- Python code can call C# or vice versa
C/C++
- Used to write high performance libraries and code in Python
- pybind11: bridges Python and C++
  - allows Python code to call C++
- Cython: superset language of CPython
  - Python Syntax + C datatypes
  - compiles to C/C++ modules
- ctypes: built-in Python library
  - allows you to call functions from compiled C libraries
JS/Wasm
- Pyodide: compiles CPython runtime into Wasm
  - allows to run Python in Wasm
- PyScript: framework built on top of Pyodide